云梦学刊

当前，“公益导向”型舰船海外补给设施的法律地位与豁免依据尚不明晰。为此，需要突破传统豁免理论中“主权延伸”的逻辑局限，通过界定舰船海外补给公益设施概念并将其置于功能必要性理论视域下进行阐释，从而确立新型设施的豁免依据。舰船海外补给公益设施的核心功能在于为国际维和、人道救援、公海护航等公益属性国际行动提供后勤支持。功能必要性理论以功能限定换取主权让渡为核心逻辑，主张通过将设施功能限定在“公益”领域以获取其法律地位的正当性和相应的豁免地位。吉布提保障基地的公益功能定位与服务实践初步实现了功能必要性理论下功能与豁免的统一，表明运营国可在尊重东道国主权的前提下通过主动自我设限以换取海外设施的合法性提升。“功能必要性”理论为公益导向型海外补给设施的豁免权依据分析提供了新的理论视角，并为在特定条件下设施的机制构建提供了一种新的可行政策选项。

Currently, the legal status and basis for immunity of “public welfare-oriented” overseas replenishment facilities for military and civilian vessels remain ambiguous. To address this, it is necessary to transcend the logical constraints of the“sovereignty extension” doctrine in traditional immunity theories. By defining the concept of overseas replenishment public welfare facilities for military and civilian vessels and interpreting it through the lens of the functional necessity theory, a new justification for immunity for such innovative facilities can be established. The core function of these facilities lies in providing logistical support for internationally recognized public welfare actions such as peacekeeping, humanitarian relief, and high-sea escort operations. The functional necessity theory posits a core logic of trading functional limitations for sovereignty concessions,arguing that by restricting a facility's functions to the “public welfare” domain, it can acquire legitimacy for its legal status and corresponding immunity. The public welfare orientation and service practices of the Djibouti Support Base have preliminarily realized the unity between function and immunity under this theory, demonstrating that an operating state can proactively impose self-restraints to enhance the legitimacy of overseas facilities while respecting the host nation's sovereignty. The “functional necessity” theory provides a new theoretical perspective for analyzing the basis of immunity rights for public welfare-oriented overseas replenishment facilities and offers a viable policy option for their institutional construction under specific conditions.